The following resources have helped me in the past and I will turn to them next time I look for a job.
Stop what you are doing and order The 2-Hour Job Search: Using Technology to Get the Right Job Faster. Yes the title sounds like a gimmick but it’s required reading at Cornell’s buisness school and has been a game changer for everyone I know who has read it.
This is a resonable blog post to read about creating your resume.
Data Science Weekly has a good list of articles that probably answer most of your questions.
Your resume reallly does matter for getting interviews – this includes a LinkedIn and GitHub profile.